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Tools for modelling past and future global climate change: case study of loess-palaeosol sequences (Quaternary aeolian deposits) from Istria and Kvarner (North Adriatic area)
In recent years there have been remarkable results and new scientific findings about loess-palaeosol sequences in Europe. The excellence of these sediment archives for making climate and environment reconstructions of the recent past was quantitatively revealed from a local/regional perspective to more global interpretations (Frechen, 2011a, b; Marković, 2010;. Zoeller et al., 2009). Through the development of innovative modern analytical methods, such as the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods, laser diffraction particle size analysis, rock magnetism and stable isotopes, the reconstruction and quantification of environmental and climatic changes during the Quaternary and the present can be performed. This can be used for solving socially relevant issues of climate change and the dynamics of landscape systems, especially in terms of deciphering aeolian sediment archives in protected depositional environments. Within the framework of this bilateral project, this work will be performed by a Croatian-German research group in the area of Istria and Kvarner. Based on the results, modeling of climate and environment change will be improved keeping in mind variations of precipitation and temperature in the coming centuries owing to global warming. Loess is probably the most wide spread Quaternary deposit, forming loess belts across Europe and Asia. It is usually genetically connected to large river systems (e.g. the Danube or the Rhine in Europe) and is a direct result of forceful climatic changes during the Quaternary, thus making loess-palaeosol sequences an excellent high-resolution sediment and palaeoclimate archive. While loess from the Carpathian basin has been investigated in many aspects using up to date analytical methods, the river Po loess region in the north Adriatic area is usually neglected for major palaeoclimatic reconstructions. The reason for this neglect is the lack of a continuous loess cover as well as the relatively small thickness of these deposits. The only exception is the up to 90 meters thick loess-palaeosol sequence found on the island of Susak. This project will focus on the research of loess-palaeosol sequences on the island of Susak as well as in Istria (Savudrija, Premantura), which have not been investigated in more detail nor used for major global correlation and palaeoclimatic interpretation, up to now. To be able to interpret the sedimentary archives found in the North Adriatic region it is mandatory to establish a more reliable and robust geochronological framework which will be the first step in our research. For establishing a detailed geochronological framework optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating (14C) methods will be used. Furthermore, a detailed high resolution chronology can be used for the calculation of mass accumulation rates of the area which is related to climatic conditions and the aeolian dust flux during the last 150.000 years. Along with high-resolution granulometric investigations data the dynamics of the aeolian dust transportation can be interpreted. These data combined with existing data regarding sediments in the North Adriatic Area, both on land and the bottom of the sea, can be used for unravelling and reconstructing the palaeo-Po river flow which was extending to the south if compared to today due to the lower sea level during OIS2 and 3. In order to reconstruct the evolution of the red palaeosol situated on Upper Creataceous limestone, terra rossa in limestone cracks and other red, yellowish-red and brown palaeosols within the loess sequence on Susak Island, high-resolution depth approaches will be applied based on geochemistry, mineralogy, granulometry and micromorphology of palaeosols, the latter one completely missing for the area under study. The rock-soil transition zone of the oldest red palaeosol and the underlying limestone will be studied in detail in order to observe possible metasomatic reactions in the red palaeosol. For that purpose, scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive system will be used. High-resolution depth-functions of various soil properties are essential to obtain consistent palaeo-environmental reconstructions. This will give important answers regarding the genesis and the evolution of the soils as well as insight into the climate of the interglacial/interstadial conditions in charge for their genesis. Recent investigation of palaeosols proved that palaeosol-based proxies could be among the most powerful tools for reconstructing past environments (Sheldon and Tabor, 2009). For example, Lucke et al. (2013) showed the importance of Red Mediterranean soils in Jordan as environmental archives. The results of such a detailed research of loess in the north Adriatic area will be used for environmental and palaeoclimatic reconstructions, as well as for the comparison and correlation with similar and coeval deposits in Europe (e.g. loess in the Carpathian basin and similar deposits in north Italy as well as with the stratigraphycally coeval deposits in Germany like Nuβloch, Koblenz-Metternich and Tönchesberg or Süttő in Hungary) for which published data already exist (Antoine et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 2011, Boenigk and Frechen, 2001, Novothny et al., 2011). By doing such interesting studies and comparisons, we believe we will stimulate more intensive international cooperation and focus on Quaternary research in the area under study. Antoine, P., Rousseau, D.D., Moine, O., Kunesch, S., Hatté, C., Lang, A., Tissoux, H., Zöller, L., 2009. Rapid and cyclic aeolian deposition during the Last Glacial in European loess: a high-resolution record from Nussloch, Germany. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2955-2973. Boenigk, W., Frechen, M., 2001. The loessrecord in sections at Koblenz-Metternich and Tönchesberg in the Middel Rhine Area. Quaternary International 76/77, 201-209. Frechen, M., Oches, E.A., Kohfeld, K.E., 2003. Loess in Europe – mass accumulation rates during the Last Glacial Period. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1835-1857. Lucke, B., Kemnitz, H., Bäumler, R., Schmidt, M. Red Mediterranean Soils in Jordan: New insights in their origin, genesis, and role as environmental archives, Catena (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.04.006 Marković, S.B., Catto, N., Smalley, I.J., Zöller, L., 2011. The Second Loessfest (2009). Quaternary International 240, 1-3. Novothny, Á., Frechen, M., Horváth, E., Wacha, L., Rolf, Ch., 2011. Investigating the penultimate and last glacial cycles of the Süttő loess section (Hungary) using luminescence dating, high resolution grain size, and magnetic susceptibility data. Quaternary International 234, 1-2, 75-85. Schmidt, E.D., Frechen, M., Murray, A.S., Tsukamoto, S., Bittmann, F., 2011. Luminescence chronology of the loess record from the Tönchesberg section: A comparison of using quartz and feldspar as dosimeter to extend the age range beyond the Eemian. Quaternary International 234, 1-2, 10-22. Sheldon, N.D., Tabor, N.J., 2009. Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Sci. Rev. 95, 1-2, 1-52 Zoeller, L., 2010. New approaches to European loess: a stratigraphic and methodical review of the past decade. Central European Journal of Geosciences 2(1), 19-31.
Short description of the task performed by Croatian partner
Investigation of aeolian dust transportation dynamics with the purpose to reconstruct quasi-continuous long term trends of the aeolian dust dynamics and palaeowind regimes using high-resolution grain size analysis (laser particle size diffractometer) and rock magnetism. Reconstruction of palaeotemperature and palaeoprecipitation regimes using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) from the carbonate matrix and loess molluscs. Reconstruction of the evolution of the palaeosols situated on Upper Cretaceous limestone and other red, yellowish-red and brown palaeosols within loess sequence on Susak Island based on high-resolution depth approach. Establishing a geochronological framework using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating (14C) which is the basis for quantitative interpretations. Correlation of the investigated deposits from North Croatia with results from similar sediments from Croatia and the wider region, as well as correlation with global climate archives from deep seas and Greenland ice cores.
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